J2 Grammar Summaries

Plain Form
Name	Form	Translation
Tentatives (Hedging Your Bets)	V-でしょう V-かもしれない N/な-adj/い-adj use plain form (never use だ)	I will probably do V. I might do V. It is probably…..
Relative Clauses (When in Doubt, Back it Out)	V-plain form +Noun	The Noun that does V
Nominalizers (The Noun-Maker)	V-ことは。。。 V-のは。。。	Doing V is ….
Experience	V-たことがある	I have done V before.
Intention/Volition	V-plain ましょうform +と思っている V-つもりです	I’m thinking about doing V I plan/intend to do V (stronger) See below for plain-ましょうform
Reporting Speech (He said, She said)	V/N-と言いました 『V/N』と言いました	She said that…. He said, “……..”
The time when…	V1-時、V2 い-adj時、V1 Nの時、V1	I do V2 when I do V1 When it’s ….., I do V1
I hear….	V-そうです。 N/ な-adj / い-adj-そうです	I hear V(is going to happen…) I hear it’s…
Whether or not…	V-かどうか知らない N/ な-adj / い-adj か どうかわからない	I don’t know whether or not to do V I don’t know whether or not it’s ….N plain form (never use だ)
And what’s more…	V-し、。。。 N/ な-adj / い-adj-し、。。。し。。。	I do V and (what’s more)… It’s N and (what’s more)…
If /When you do…	V-たら、。。。 N/ な-adj / い-adjたら	If you do V…, then … If it’s N..., then…

て-form Patterns
Name	Form	Translation
Linking sentences	V1-て、V2.	I do V1 and V2.
Linking sentences 2	V1-てから、V2.	Right after I do V1, I do V2.
In the state of…	V-ている V-ていた	I’m DOING V (right now) I was doing V (remember special verbs for “fat”, “skinny”, “bald”, “old”)
Wants and Desires	Nがほしいです Nをほしがっている	I want…N (thing/object) He/She/They want….N
Asking Permission	V-てもいいですか	Is it okay if I do….V?
To Try…	V-てみる	I will try doing V
Completion (100% or Regret)	V-てしまう	I will do V completely/all the way Or I will do V and I will regret doing it
Errands	V-てくる	I will do something and come back The situation has V’ed from the way it was to the way it is now.

Stem Form Patterns
Name	Form	Translation
Wants and Desires 2	V-stem +たいです V-stem +たがっている	I want to do …V He/She/They want to do …V
Excessive	V-stem +すぎる N/ な-adj / い-adj-(chop い)+すぎる	I do V too much It’s too….(adjective)
While…	V1-stem +ながら、V2	While doing V1, I also do V2
Hard to do	V-stem +にくい	It’s hard to do V
Easy to do	V-stem +やすい	It’s easy to do V (remember, the V has now become an い-adj)
Go somewhere to do something	Place へV-stem+に行く	I go to the place to do V

Miscellaneous Forms
Name	Form	Translation
Giving and Receiving (The 6 legged Spider)	Person にThingをあげる Person がThingをくれる Person にThingをもらう	I give Thing to Person Person gives Thing to me I receive Thing from Person
Giving and Receiving 2	Person にThingをやる Person がThingをくださる Person にThingをいただく	I give Thing to Inferior Superior gives Thing to me I receive Thing from Superior
Potential Form	Gp1: うto えform+る Gp2: chopる+られる Gp3: できる,こられる Particle が takes the place of を	I can do V…
Already/Not Yet	もうV-ました まだV-ていない	I already did V I haven’t done V yet
To become	N/な-Adj+になる い-Adj chopいadd く+なる	It will become…
Someone/Noone Something/Nothing Somewhere/Nowhere	Question word + か+positive ending Question word+も+negative ending	Something is…. Nothing is….. Remember, (かandもreplace は、が、を)
Comparisons	AはBよりpositive ending AはBほどnegative ending	A is more….than B A is not as much….as B
Comparisons 2	AとBと、どちらのほうが。。。？ AとBとCのなかで、どれが。。。？	Which one of A or B is…? Out of A, B, and C, which one is…..the most…..?
Indefinite Pronouns	N/ な-adj / い-adj+の	The ……ONE….
Only/Nothing but…	Aだけpositive ending Aしかnegative ending	Only A is….. Nothing but A is…(stronger)
Explanations	V-のですor V-んです or V-からです。 N/ な-adj / い-adj+んです	It’s because I do….V It’s because it’s…. (remember to change だto な)
Connecting Sentences	V1-から、V2 V1-ので、V2 N/ な-adj / い-adj+ので、	I do V2 because I do V1 (remember to change だto な)