J3 Grammar Summaries

Plain Form
Name	Form	Translation
Suggestions	V-たらどう？ V-たらいい？	How about V? Would it be good to do V
Decisions	V-ことにする	I decide to do V
Before and after	V1+前、V2 V1-た+後、V2	Before I do V1, V2 After I do V1, V2
If with	V+と…effect N-だと…effect	If V… No If N…
Obligation or duty	V-なければ+いけない	Have to do V
Do things like…	V1-たり、V2-たりする	Do things like V1, V2…
For the purpose/benefit of	V2+ために、V1	Do V1 in order to do V2
Please Do not…	V~ないで	Please do not do V…
Strong Recommendation	V-たほうがいい V-ないほう。。。	You should do V You should not do V
At the point of	V- +ところ V-ている +ところ V-た +ところ	Just about to do V In the midst of doing V Just did V
Need	Nがひつようです Nがいります V-ひつようがある V-ひつようはない	A N is necessary I need N… Doing V is necessary I/we need to do V There’s no need to do V.
Just did that	V- たところ V-たばかり	I just did V I just did V
Without doing	V-ないで V-+ずに (するbecomes せずに)	Do… without V (formal)
As it is	V1-たまま…V2 そのまま。。。	Leaving V1 as it is, do V2 Just like that…..
Becoming able to do something	V-ようになった	I acquired the ability to do V
Certainty	V-にちがいありません V-にちがいない Add きっと (emphasis)	There is no doubt that V Surely
“while” revisited	V1-あいだ(間), V2 Use うち when start/end of time is not defined	I do V1, while someone else does V2

て-form Patterns
Name	Form	Translation
Giving and receiving action	V-てあげる 　　くれる 　　もらう	Doing V for someone Someone does V for me
Prohibition	V-て+はいけない	You can’t/ must not do V
In preparation for	V-て+おく	Do V in advance/preparation
Even if/No matter	V-ても V-plain +のに N-でも。。。 Question word+ V-ても	Even if it V, … Even though it V, … Even N… No matter how much I do V, …
Wanting someone to do something	V-てほしい V-てもらいたい	I want you to do V

Stem Form Patterns
Name	Form	Translation
Commands	V-stem +なさい	Do V!
The way of doing	V-stem +かた Connect N with の	“how to ~” or “the way of ~ing”
Appearance	V-stem +そう な-adj. +そう い-adj. Stem +そう (neg.) use なさそう	Looks like it is going to V Looks Adj. It doesn’t look…..
Honorific	お+V-stem +になる	(For most V)
Humble	お+V-stem +する	(For most V)

Miscellaneous Forms
Name	Form	Translation
This kind of ~	こんな そんな どんな +に	This kind of That kind of What kind of Adds surprise or intensity
Adjectives used as adverbs	い-adj. Change to (く) な-adj. +(に）	Adverb use
Taking and bringing	持っていく/くる つれていく/くる	Take/bring object Take/bring person
By	Time までに	By that time deadline
Changing the Subject	ところで。。。 。。。といえば	By the way Speaking of …
*Transitive/Intransitive	Transitive particle を Intransitive particle が	Do V Something V
*It’s been done	VT-てある VI- ている	Someone did V, and it is. It is V.
Making an attempt	V-volitional +とする	Try to do V, but failed
Not just this, but that, too	P1 だけではなく P2も	P1 not only, but also P2
It’s like this	N+のよう N-みたい Use に connect to action	~ like a N ~ like a N Does action like a….
expectations	Adj.はずです V-はずです N(だ) > な (note) it’s N	I expect it to be Adj. I expect to do V It should…(another trans)
I wish	V-えばform+いい+のに V-えばform+よかった+のに	I wish I could do V I wish I had done V
Fast and speed	い-adj. い Change to (さ) な-adj. +さ	Adj. Becomes N Ex. Fast becomes speed

Crazy Verb Forms
Name	Form	Translation
Making or allowing someone do something (Causative)	Gp1: neg. stem +せる Gp2: chopる+させる Gp3:させる,こさせる Particle に allowed Particle を made to do	Allow me to do V Made me to do V にmarks the person allowed, を marks the person made to do, except in verbs with をalready, then に
Being passive (Passive)	Gp1: neg. stem +れる Gp2: stem+られる Gp3: される,こられる	V by someone
Yet another if/then pattern (えば)form	Gp1: うto えform +ば Gp2: V-stem+れば Gp3: すれば/くれば	If V, then …
Yet another if/then pattern (“the more ~ the more ~”)	V1えば、V1ほど。。 い-adj.: chopい+ければ な-adj.: + なら	The more you do V1, the more…